Koerich et al. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide a synopsis and a thorough assessment of the current evidence, aiming to provide guidelines for the proper use of the techniques and interpretation of the outcomes and identify fields where further research is needed. 0.0â0.4; 8. Conclusions and limitations of the included studies. Nguyen et al. Gkantidis et al. The peculiarity of the case was that the skull itself was not available for examination unlike other such common cases. Some facial imaging methods have considerably stronger scientific underpinnings than others (e.g. The biggest segmentation error was found at A-point (0.3 mm), A. Intra-operator agreement on surface distance measurements (RMSD) of serial 3D models at 2 regions of the maxilla and 3 regions of the mandible (average difference), Inter-operator agreement on surface distance measurements (RMSD) at 5 mandibular regions: 1. In order to accomplish these objectives, an up-to-date review of the recent works is presented along with a discussion of advantages and drawbacks of the existing approaches, with an emphasis on the automatic ones. Regardless, the forensic expert invests more for investigation and it consumes large time for completing it. January has been the single busiest month for the discovery of skeletal remains in Tennessee, and there are almost twice as many fire-related discoveries between September and February. On the one hand, we aim to clearly define the different stages involved in the computer-aided craniofacial superimposition process. Techniques for craniofacial photographic superimposition have developed drastically since rough, early endeavors tracing all the way back to 1931 (Ubelaker, 2015) [1]. Furthermore, we validate our system as an automatic identification tool analyzing its capabilities in closed (known information or a potential list of those involved) and open lists (little or no idea at first who may be involved) and comparing its performance with the manual results achieved by experts, obtaining a remarkable performance. Gaudio et al. craniofacial superimposition based on genetic algorithms, handbook of cephalometric superimposition by . Surprisingly, the distances obtained from the superimposition of the two dry skulls were higher than expected and than those acquired from the superimposition of actual serial scans. The wipe images facilitates the comparison of positional relationships between the digitized skull and face. Cevidanes et al. SBR hard; 4. This engrossing book offers detailed coverage of forensic implications and methods of craniofacial identification. Race, sex and age morphology are explored along with video superimposition and computer imaging techniques. 0.20 - 0.37 (SD: 0.08 - 0.16); 2. To confirm the accuracy of each technique, the congruence of serial models was measured in three areas that were considered stable. Three-dimensional skull images reconstructed from CT images can be saved as data files and the use of these images in superimposition is effective for personal identification of unidentified bodies. Zygomatic process, 2. This ambitious multidisciplinary volume surveys the science, forensics, politics, and ethics involved in responding to missing persons cases. A final comprehensive evaluation exhibited marked differences between congruent and noncongruent superimpositions. Anterior cranial base (from the middle of the sella turcica to the posterior wall of the sinus frontalis. Hand searches were also performed. Overall, there is a lack of well-designed studies to support the use of landmark-based superimposition. (2015) showed low risk of bias, but high applicability concerns, and did not support the use of landmark-based superimposition but showed acceptable results for surface-based superimposition. Computer vision and soft computing for automatic skull-face overlay in craniofacial superimposition. The first grave contains the well preserved skeletal remains of a young woman buried in a crouched position, lying on her left side, with bent arms and hands placed in front of the head and feet lying outside of the pit. the three types of superimposition. Each of these techniques allows the superimposition of consecutive CBCT-derived 3D models of the same patient in order to study the displacement and growth of the craniofacial complex, the facial asymmetries [15, 16], and the changes after an orthodontic or surgical treatment [17-22]. This protocol consists a modification of a previously published protocol by Stucki & Gkantidis (2019) for an analogous, but fundamentally different topic. Mean differences (mm): 0.36 - 0.42 (SD: 0.21 - 0.24), Difference of corresponding landmark distances between T0-T1 calculated through superimposition on 3 different reference regions, compared to direct measurements of landmark movements from a point considered stable, NA (Mean values provided were outside of the Limits of Agreement range), Visual inspection of the superimposition technique and trueness assessment through visualisation of 3D colour maps, Visual inspection of the effectiveness of the technique through superimposition of reoriented identical models, Highest distance between corresponding anterior cranial base references is less than 0.5 mm for growing and non-growing patients, Highest distance between identical, reoriented anterior cranial bases was less than 0.25 mm. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Thereafter the eligibility was discussed between all team members until a consensus was reached, under the guidance of the last author (Nikolaos Gkantidis). Forensic facial reconstruction (or forensic facial approximation) is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology. This technique might show adequate accuracy, it is less sensitive and time-consuming, and has increased post-processing capabilities (Gkantidis et al., 2015). 0.36 ± 0.33, Amount of expansion at the levels of the first premolars (from tip to tip of each buccal cusp) and the first molars (from tip to tip of each mesiobuccal cusp) on 1. plaster models and 2. 2018 Oct 29;4(1):10-28. doi: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892. Changes were measured afterwards on four anatomical regions, which were deemed stable: the anterior cranial base, the forehead, the left zygomatic arch, and the right zygomatic arch. 0.25 ± 0.11; 2. Three-dimension laser scans of five skulls and ten photographs were overlaid with an imaging software. There are several advantages of the 3D over the 2D imaging techniques including the more accurate, real size information in all dimensions of space. VBR soft; 3. 1. We cannot guarantee that every book is in the library. Follow-up: Any observation period between subsequent models. Audit articles by Aulsebrook et al. Found inside – Page 66Stephan C.N., Huang A.J.R., Davidson P.L. 2009, Further evidence on the anatomical placement of the human eyeball forfacial approximation and craniofacial superimposition, «Journal of Forensic Sciences», 54/2, pp. 267-269. 2.3.3. and was done so by comparing the skull images with the selected photos. The need for standards in facial reconstruction and positive identification by bone morphology are underlined, as well as the growing role of the anthropologist in detecting signs of trauma. Previous methods used to produce the postmortem photographs were problematic as orientation of the specimen could not be easily adjusted and positions were not reproducible. Using this method, the non-matching pair cannot be distinguished from the matching pair of faces. Regarding the maxillary and the mandibular areas the amount of existing evidence is lower and of low quality. Limitations of 3D superimposition techniques are related to imaging quality, software/hardware performance, reference areas chosen, and landmark points/ volumes identification errors. The Dolphin 3D software seemed to work properly, but the study showed important limitations, high risk of bias, and high applicability concerns. The detailed and comprehensive reviews of historical and method-ological development of craniofacial superimposition techniques are given in (Ubelaker, 2015). Guida allo studio dei resti umani, Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal material, Development of equipment for the standardization of skull photographs in personal identifications by photographic superimposition, During the Joint Hadd Project excavations at the Middle Holocene coastal site of KHB-1 in the Ja’alān region (Sultanate of Oman), a number of human remains were discovered in the settlement dating from the 5th-4th millennia BC. An analysis of the different technological approaches developed over time is offered in conjunction with a new classification based on the technology implemented throughout the diverse phases of the process. In this work the Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS) model is implemented for distance calculated for crisp point of the extracted image. 0.0â0.3; 7. After removing the duplicates, 832 studies remained. Thirteen out of the 15 studies showed high total applicability concerns, 2 unclear and no study had low applicability concerns. (2016b) evaluated three reference regions for mandibular superimposition using a sample of 16 growing patients. These studies were screened by reading the titles and abstracts. The photos were also scanned. P. C. 1971 A revised superimposition technique for identification of the individual from the skull and photograph Journal of . Types of participants: Serial craniofacial CT or CBCT images of individuals or skulls who have received any kind of actual or simulated treatment, or whose craniofacial Forensic Anthropology: Current Methods and Practice—winner of a 2015 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) from The Text and Academic Authors Association—approaches forensic anthropology through an innovative style using current practices ... facial approximation versus face mapping), some currently lie entirely within the artistic sphere (facial depiction), and yet others are so aspirational that realistic capacity to obtain their aims has strongly been questioned despite highly advanced technical approaches (molecular photofitting). Hose in Borneo in the late 19th century, which represents a unique opportunity to understand the vanished headhunting tradition and warfare practice in this area, as well as to compare the written records with the bioarchaeological evidence. The technique shows high precision and reproducibility tough these were assessed in relatively unaltered structures. To evaluate the reproducibility of a superimposition method for the maxilla and mandible in non-growing patients. Would you like email updates of new search results? Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of the grey scale intensities), CBCT: i-CAT 3D Imaging System (Imaging Sciences International INC, Hatfield, PA, USA), Maxilim software (Medicim, Mechelen, Belgium) for 3D model construction, superimposition and analysis, 1. As they are concerned with the physical characteristics of humans, each of these facial imaging areas also falls in the domain of physical anthropology, although not all of them have been traditionally regarded as such. In previous approaches, we proposed a framework for automating this stage at different levels taking into consideration all the information and uncertainty sources involved. 1. If the relevant information was not provided, only the available information was used. The study concluded that the superimposition of 3D surface models created from voxel data can provide accurate, precise, and reproducible results when appropriate references are used. Because this case was presumed to be a closed disaster, the exclusion of one skull and the failure to exclude the other represented circumstantial identifications. Although the methodological approach proved to be appropriate in this case, due to the discrepancy in the amount of data, identity could not be fully confirmed. 0.20 - 0.45 (SD: 0.09 - 0.27), A. In fact, the experience of several practitioners in certain scenarios suggests the poorer effectiveness of DNA analysis (around 3% of the IDs) and dactyloscopy (15-25%) against SFI techniques (70-80%) [4]. However, the absence of comparative statistics and the evaluation of average effects of different variables did not allow for a clear conclusion. In the identification of persons living or dead, or of skulls, the technique of photographic superimposition of laboratory images on existing original portraits has frequently been used. As a technique to aid the personal identification of unknown human remains, it is not new, and its application can be traced back to the late 19th Century. Following the selection process 15 studies were included in this review. Nine studies did not match the review question and thus, they were excluded as irrelevant to the study topic. This website provides the following. In addition, literature provides only general indications concerning the reliability in positioning facial landmarks on photographic material, and no study is available concerning the specific errors which may be encountered in such an operation. The study had unclear risk of bias and applicability concerns. CBCT: iCat (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA), FOV: 16x22 cm; Voxel size: 0.5 mm3; Exposure: 40 s, Surface-based registration (iterative closest point), 1. Furthermore, the 3D information is not highly dependent on head positioning, which might be a critical source of error in 2D imaging. Dental superimposition is becoming more and more important because of the increasing number of illegal immigrants (at least in Italy), with no clinical history, no personal effects or relatives useful for genetic comparison, whose friends and acquaintances can usually only produce photographs. Cross-comparisons of 5 skulls discovered in a mass grave, and of 2 skulls retrieved in the crawlspace of a house were performed. This system consists of two main units, namely a video superimposition system and a computer-assisted skull identification system. In: Normal and Abnormal Growth of the Mandible. This is based on reference structures that are considered stable, allowing the visual inspection of craniofacial changes relative to these stable structures. There were no significant differences in accuracy between hand and automated superimposition (p>0.05). The sample included only non-growing patients. The first and the last author performed data extraction independently and in duplicate, aiming to extract from the eligible studies the following information: Methods: Author, title, year, objectives, and design of study. Facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) have long formed a quantitative cornerstone of craniofacial identification methods. Mean differences (mm): a. There is no study graded with low risk of bias or low applicability concerns. PDF. (2016) investigated the precision and the reproducibility of one superimposition method in the maxilla and one in the mandible. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). Hence, the algorithm matched a facial photograph to the correct skull in 100% of the cases. 2004). When ante-mortem dental records or radiographs are received for superimposition, the conclusive identity will be achieved. The study of Gkantidis et al. Past, present, and future of craniofacial superimposition: Literature and international surveys. Authors-Enciso R, Memon A, Mah J. Here, we recommend the usage of computerized virtual reconstruction and geometric morphometrics for the purposes of individual reconstruction and identification in forensics. A very useful method for these kinds of analyses, and according to some authors, the method that is put on the same level of forensic odontostomatology and molecular genetics could be craniofacial superimposition. Moreover, the availability of new digital equipment (such as computers and 3D scanners) has resulted in a significant advance in the applicability of this forensic identification technique. After an introduction which deals with the expanding definition of the discipline and the issue of professionality and training, the author approaches the role and novel developments of the field, with particular reference to the past 5 years. Superimpositions of serial craniofacial images have been widely applied in dental or other fields as a mean to depict changes over time. This was graded as high risk of bias and applicability concerns. Koerich et al. I. The cusp and groove patterns of the teeth of adult mandibles were not observable, indicating high incidence of attrition, possibly due to a high sand content in the diet. In another study, Cevidanes et al. Thus, neither the accuracy, the precision, and the reproducibility of hard-tissue superimposition techniques nor the choice of reference structures have been thoroughly investigated recently. Epub 2014 Oct 18. From our practical examination, it is stated that the outline from the trichion to the gnathion in the lateral or oblique view is the preferable portion for personal identification, and the cranio-facial super-imposition method is reliable for individualization when two or more facial photographs taken from different angles are used in the examination. However, the higher amount and quality of 3D information does not come without a cost. Once computer generated, the facial images and menu were displayed on a color monitor. no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences. Bookshelf 3.06 ± 1.97, Mean absolute distance of surface models on the following stable areas: a. anterior cranial base (CB); b. forehead (FH); c. left zygomatic arch (ZL); d. right zygomatic arch (ZR), A. Eleven studies used voxel-based registration, 1 landmark-based registration, and 3 compared different registration techniques. I. This technique may be employed when positive identification has not been accomplished through molecular analysis, dental reconstruction comparison or . The aims of this research are to determine/compare the intra-rater reliability Background So far, several techniques have been recommended for the assessment of craniofacial changes through skeletal tissue superimposition, but the evidence that supports them remains unexplored. 0.2 - 0.4; 9. Retrospective (radiographs) // prospective methodological study. (2005) tested the reproducibility of 3D cranial base superimpositions for the evaluation of mandibular ramus changes in maxillary orthognathic surgery patients. Craniofacial superimposition is a technique potentially useful for the identification of unidentified human remains if a photo of the missing person is available. Reproducibility of the Dolphin technique, Inter-operator agreement on surface distance measurements of 3D models at 3 mandibular regions: 1. (2017) did not recommend the use of landmark-based superimposition as well, but they showed promising results for voxel-based and surface-based superimposition. 0.047 ± 0.259; 4. The sternum was the single major postcranial bone least likely to be recovered. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: All the data used in this systematic review are available in Tables 1â5. ... On the one hand, as described in [4] the CFS reliability studies reported in the literature [6], [8]- [10], [20], [21], ... A major outcome of the New Methodologies and Protocols of Forensic Identification by the Craniofacial Superimposition Project (MEPROCS), the most comprehensive assessment of craniofacial superimposition (CFS) to date, was that the absence of a systematic CFS methodology hinders its validity as legal evidence and renders the method controversial [17,18]. Six studies used cranial base structures as superimposition reference, whereas 2 studies used maxillary and 4 mandibular sites. Maxillary region and 2. A computer-based method developed for the purpose of checking the results of identification performed with the "traditional" method of video-superprojection (developed by Helmer and Grüner) is demonstrated; it does not require any special programs in addition to those necessary for digitising the video pictures.
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